DeFi Infrastructure
Onchain Liquidity

Decentralized Exchanges Meet Centralized Models

In a CLOB, all orders are pooled together and matched based on price and time priority. This model is the standard in traditional financial exchanges and many centralized crypto exchanges. Traditionally, DEXs have utilized different models for trading. Now, we're seeing a trend where some DEXs are adopting the CLOB model. This is the Rise of CLOB-like models in crypto trading.

July 4, 2023
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Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) have been at the forefront of the blockchain revolution, offering users a more secure, private, and control-oriented alternative to centralized exchanges (CEXs). DEXs provide a platform where users can directly trade cryptocurrencies with each other, without the need for an intermediary. However, moving away from their initial limitations, DEXs are increasingly turning towards trading models commonly used by their centralized counterparts. In particular, the Central Limit Order Book (CLOB) model that has been a mainstay of CEXs is now being adopted by numerous DEXs. Uniswap V3’s Concentrated Liquidity is an example of a step in that direction. This development has profound implications for traders, especially those involved in market making. Let's delve deeper into this topic and explore how market making differs on both platforms.

The Central Limit Order Book (CLOB) Model

Before we dive into the nuances of DEXs adopting the CLOB model, it's important to understand what it is. The CLOB model is a method of matching orders in a trading system. In a CLOB, all orders are pooled together and matched based on price and time priority. This means that the best prices get matched first, and among orders at the same price, the ones placed earlier get priority.

This model is the standard in traditional financial exchanges and many centralized crypto exchanges. It provides a high level of transparency, as all participants can see the entire order book. It also promotes fair trading because everyone has the same chance to get their orders filled at the best possible price, assuming they're willing to wait in line.

DEXs and Automated Market Makers (AMMs)

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Traditionally, DEXs have utilized different models for trading, the most popular of which is the Automated Market Maker (AMM) model. In an AMM, liquidity providers supply funds to a smart contract-based liquidity pool. Traders can then trade against this pool. The price of assets is determined algorithmically by the smart contract based on the ratio of assets in the pool.

This model has the advantage of being completely permissionless and decentralized, with anyone able to provide liquidity. However, it also has its drawbacks. For one, it's vulnerable to impermanent loss, a phenomenon where liquidity providers can lose part of their capital due to price fluctuations. Moreover, it generally lacks the price efficiency offered by the CLOB model.

The Intersection of DEXs and CLOB: Uniswap V3

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Chart showing an example of a concentrated liquidity order. Source: Uniswap

Now, we're seeing a trend where some DEXs are adopting the CLOB model. This is an intriguing development as it merges the advantages of CEXs (efficient price discovery and low slippage) with those of DEXs (decentralization and self-custody of assets). The result is a trading platform that combines efficiency, fairness, and decentralization.

Uniswap V3 is an excellent example of the evolving landscape of decentralized exchanges (DEXs) moving towards models that resemble more traditional trading dynamics. One of the core features of Uniswap V3 is its concept of Concentrated Liquidity. This innovative feature is a shift in the design of automated market makers (AMMs) and offers an experience more akin to that of centralized exchanges (CEXs) in several ways.

In the traditional AMM model, used by Uniswap V2 and other DEXs, liquidity providers (LPs) supply equal amounts of two tokens to a pool and earn trading fees from swaps that occur within that pool. The liquidity they provide is distributed across the entire price range, from zero to infinity. While this model has its benefits, it's not capital efficient as most trades occur in a narrow price band, leaving a large portion of the provided liquidity unused.

Uniswap V3's concentrated liquidity feature, on the other hand, allows LPs to specify price ranges for their liquidity. In other words, LPs can set the price at which they're willing to buy or sell assets. This gives them more control over the prices at which they trade, much like market makers on a CEX using a Central Limit Order Book (CLOB) model.

In a sense, each LP in Uniswap V3 acts as their own mini-AMM, providing liquidity at specific price ranges. This allows them to concentrate their capital where it's most likely to be utilized, increasing their potential returns from fees.

The ability to define a price range brings Uniswap V3 closer to the CLOB model of traditional exchanges, while still maintaining the benefits of decentralization. This new model also reduces the risk of impermanent loss, as LPs can choose to provide liquidity only within price ranges where they are comfortable holding the equivalent value of either token.

Market Making on DEXs vs. CEXs

Market making refers to the process of providing liquidity to a market, typically by placing both buy and sell orders for a particular asset. Market makers profit from the spread between these orders.

On a CEX using the CLOB model, market makers can place limit orders at the price levels they choose, thus having more control over their trading strategy. They can also react to changes in market conditions by adjusting their orders as necessary.

In contrast, on a traditional DEX using an AMM model, market makers (or liquidity providers in this context) simply add funds to a liquidity pool and the price is determined algorithmically. They don't have control over the prices at which they buy or sell the assets. This lack of control can lead to potential losses due to price volatility, a risk known as impermanent loss.

An additional key difference is that, when market makers participate in AMMs,, they are required to lock in a substantial amount of liquidity, which is not particularly capital efficient. On the other hand, CEXs offer a more economical alternative. They only require a relatively small investment from market makers, a stark contrast to the huge sums often necessary for participation in DEXs.

However, with DEXs now incorporating the CLOB model, market makers can place limit orders at desired price levels, much like on a CEX. This allows them to have more control over their trades and to potentially reduce the risk of impermanent loss. It also brings a higher degree of price efficiency to DEXs, as the prices are determined by a broader range of market participants rather than a preset algorithm.

Conclusion

The adoption of the CLOB model by DEXs is a significant development in the world of crypto trading. It combines the best of both worlds: the transparency, efficiency, and control of CEXs with the decentralization and self-custody of assets offered by DEXs. For market makers, this shift brings more control and potentially reduced risk, making it an exciting trend to watch in the ever-evolving cryptocurrency landscape.

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At Flowdesk, maintaining objectivity and fair treatment in everything we do is fundamental to how we operate as a Virtual Asset Service Provider. Our Conflicts of Interest Policy establishes a comprehensive framework for identifying, managing, disclosing, and resolving actual or potential conflicts that may arise across our operations, whether in OTC trading, liquidity provision, or any other licensed activity.

The policy applies to everyone connected to Flowdesk, including all directors, Board members, employees, contractors, consultants, and interns.

Flowdesk uses all reasonable efforts to avoid conflicts of interest arising in the first place. Where avoidance is not possible, conflicts are managed, disclosed, and resolved in a way that protects the integrity of the market and the fair treatment of clients. The types of conflicts we actively identify and manage include:

  • Trading conflicts, such as those arising between proprietary positions and client orders, price discovery activities, and access to confidential order flow information
  • Client-related conflicts, including order allocation, differentiated fee structures, and information asymmetry between clients
  • Financial conflicts, such as personal trading by Board members or staff, outside business interests, vendor relationships, and material token holdings
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Preventive measures include strict information barriers, a personal dealing regime, pre-trade conflict checks, segregation of client and proprietary assets, and independent governance oversight. Client virtual assets are always held separately from Flowdesk proprietary assets.

Where a conflict cannot be avoided, Flowdesk provides timely written disclosure to affected clients, describing the nature and extent of the conflict and its potential impact. All disclosures are reviewed by the Compliance function before distribution.

Board members and staff are required to obtain prior written approval before taking up external positions, opening or modifying personal virtual asset holdings, or increasing shareholdings in other entities. annual notifications of all such positions are submitted to the Company, and a comprehensive Conflicts of Interest register is maintained as the central record of all identified conflicts throughout their lifecycle.

Offered Virtual Assets

A summary containing the information pertaining to each Virtual Asset offered by Flowdesk Omega FZE is published on our website.
 

Pricing & Routing Policy

1.  Price Determination 

The Company determines prices of Virtual Assets quoted to clients based on proprietary models which include inputs from (but are not limited to): 

  • External price sources such as exchanges, liquidity providers and bilateral venues
  • Company risk position
  • Market depth and volatility 
  • Standard or client-specific configurations, which may be requested by the client

The prices are reflective of client-specific terms and market conditions.

2.  Order Routing 

The Company does not operate a proprietary exchange or central limit order book. Client orders are routed to external liquidity venues including digital asset exchanges and market makers, with a majority (> 20%) of client orders are routed to our affiliate, Limitless Frontier, Corp, to optimize execution speed and market depth.

Statement & Disclosures

3.  Holding of Client Assets and Clearing Services 

The Company may hold Virtual Assets on behalf of its clients in the ordinary course of providing Broker-Dealer Services. The Company does not provide clearing services to other VASPs in connection with their own Broker-Dealer Services.

4.  Protection of Clients' Ownership of Assets 

Client assets are held segregated from the Company's own assets at all times and are not used for proprietary purposes. Client Virtual Assets are held in a Fireblocks MPC workspace, which provides multi-party computation key management ensuring no single point of failure for warm wallet storage. Client assets would not form part of the Company's estate in the event of insolvency.

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The Company does not currently operate any standing arrangement to refer or introduce clients to other entities. 

6.  Third-Party Accounts 

The Company maintains accounts, funds and Virtual Assets with the following third-party service providers: (i) Fireblocks Ltd, which provides MPC wallet infrastructure through which client Virtual Assets are held in warm storage via the Flowdesk group’s Fireblocks workspace; and (ii) various external exchanges, where assets are held temporarily to support active trading activities, or as directed by the client.

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